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๐ŸŒ [Network] TCP/IP Model - Physical Layer ๐ŸŒ

๐ŸŒ Ethernet

์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์œ ์„  LAN ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ด๋”๋„ท(Ethernet)์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ Physical Layer์™€ Data Link Layer์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด Physical Layer์— ์ด๋”๋„ท ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  Data Link Layer์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š” Frame์€ Ethernet Frame์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์‹์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” LAN ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ Ethernet์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์˜ Frame์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ Ethernet์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์žฅ๋น„๋“ค์„ Ethernet ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐ŸŒ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์žฅ๋น„

Physical Layer์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์†Œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— Physical Layer์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹  ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์กฐ์ž‘์ด๋‚˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐ŸŒ Hub

Hub๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€์˜ Host๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์ด๋ฉฐ Repeater Hub, Ethernet Hub๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Hub์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์—†๋Š” Hub๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŠน์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐ›์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋“  ํฌํŠธ(Port)๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „๋‹ฌ

    Hub๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ชจ๋“  Host๋Š” Data Link Layer์—์„œ Frame์˜ MAC Address๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ํ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋ฐ˜์ด์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋“œ(Half Duplex)๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ 

    Hub์— ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์†ก์‹ ํ•˜๋ฉด Collision(์ถฉ๋Œ)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ Collision Domain์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก Collision์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    Data Link Layer์˜ CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) Protocol๋กœ Collision์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋ฐ˜์ด์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋“œ(Half Duplex): ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ์„ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐˆ์•„ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹(๐Ÿ†š Full Duplex)
  • Collision Domain: ๊ฐ™์€ Hub์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  Host

๐ŸŒ ํ†ต์‹  ๋งค์ฒด - Cable

Physical Layer์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ๋งค์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ์„  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” Cable์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Cable์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ย Twisted Pair CableFiber Optic Cable
์ •์˜๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๋Š” Cable๊ด‘์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๋Š” Cable
์žฅ์ ย โ€ข ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฆ„
โ€ข ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „์†ก์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
โ€ข Noise๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด ์ ์Œ
๋‹จ์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์„ ์— ์ „์ž์  ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋น„์Œˆ
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